19th Century German Inventions and Technology

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Germany's 20th Century Fine Arts

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Why the EU will continue to be a pivotal organization for Germany in the 21st century.

1. The demand for Germany's goods is at an all time high, the demand for their exports from other countries within the EU are huge. "From 2000 to 2008 external demand generated as much as two-thirds of the growth in overall demand for German output." by ft.com
2. The EU has one currency, the Euro; which helps all countries within the EU by being able to trade fair. "The EU's goal is to create a barrier-free trade zone and to enhance economic wealth by creating more efficiency within its marketplace." By answers.com
3. Being in the EU helps stablize conflict by having the same governing body that other countries can abide by the "constitution" and have the same values. This will make all the countries in the EU successful for not having quarrels or war between countries within the EU, and will help maintain comradeship.
4. Since the happenings of WW2, people find that Germany is trying to make amends with what happened by being in the EU and that they are trying to fix the past. This in turn will help the country in the long run with the ally of countries in the EU.
5. There are a series of treaties among the EU countries that focus on the protection of each. "Formerly an instrument of economic and social policy, the EU adopted the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) in response to global instability and the rise of terrorism. The creation of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) followed, outlining the EU's international responsibilities to defend European territory and interests while cooperating with organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations."
6. The EU allows other citizens from different countries to live in Germany (vice-versa) without taxes and this helps Germany grow in population and therefore can benefit from more people contributing to their economy.
7. The EU's ambition is to invest in education. Which in turn will help Germany and other countries thrive in an ever changing world. "‘Lifelong learning’ is the watchword. In the EU, the number of adults taking part in learning activities has been rising — reaching 9.6 % of people aged between 25 and 64 in 2006." Better education means betters jobs in turn help Germany gain.
8. The EU aims to provide research and developement and this will help Germany as well as other countries take part in the new technologies and will show success in economic growth and jobs.
9. As the population grows so does the need for transportation and energy. The EU makes sustainable development its top priority. This will help Germany in the long run with pollution and congestion of people.
10. The EU has a responsibility to ensure the protection of the environment. With waste they have to make sure that there  disposed, incinerated, or recycled properly; and this helps keep countries clean. Also greenhouse gases are a concern for the EU. They have made the international Kyoto Protocol, which the EU "must cut its global greenhouse gas emissions by 8 % (compared with levels in 1990, which serves as the base year) by 2008–12. To reach this target, EU-15 countries have agreed a burden-sharing arrangement whereby the economically less-advanced can still increase emissions while the rest reduce theirs." stated by europa.eu
11. Healthcare policy is essential and being in the EU helps German citizens that travel can reliable health care. "The European health insurance card simplifies access to healthcare when you visit other EU countries." Europa.eu
12. If any country in the EU has economic problems that arise, the EU will help support them. This is good for Germany because if this were ever the case, than Germany can be sure they have a helping hand.


Works Cited
1.  Specht-Jarvis, Roland. Class Lecture. 8 Nov, 2010
2.  http://www.ft.com/cms/s/195dfa18-bab2-11df-b73d-00144feab49a,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F195dfa18-bab2-11df-b73d-00144feab49a.html&_i_referer=#axzz14ozVCyaL
3. http://www.answers.com/topic/european-union
4. http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/66/index_en.htm

20th Century German Rulers

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20th Century German Poets and Writers

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Roles of Women and Men in the 20th Century (10/20/10 project)

The Military

Auxiliary Units

• Served in the auxiliary units in the navy (Kriegshelferinnen), air force (Luftnachrichtenhelferinnen) and army (Nachrichtenhelferin)
• Hundreds of women auxiliaries served for the SS in the concentration camp

Mata Hari 

• Dutch exotic dancer and prostitute
• Accused of being a double agent for France and Germany during WWI
• Was offered cash from a German consul for information the next time she visited France.  Hari passed on old, outdated information to the German officer.  Arrested in France and executed the same year by firing squad.

World War II

• Germany’s men that weren’t in war were afraid to intervene when Russians were raping German women for the fear of being shot. 
• The women of Berlin braved the artillery fire to forage for food and water in the streets. It was they who fed the family, cleaned what mess they could, looked after the sick, hid their young girls and took the brunt of Russian brutality. Some women in Berlin were now looking down on their men as the weaker sex and felt disappointed in them and even sorry for them.

Women

·         “For centuries, a woman's role in German society was summed up and circumscribed by the three "K" words: Kinder (children), Kirche (church), and Küche (kitchen)” (4)

·         During the first world war women helped by entering into industrial style jobs while the men were off fighting in the war (1)

o   Approximately 700,000 had begun working by the end of the war

o   After WWI women won the right to vote (1919)

o   Some women kept their jobs after the male soldiers returned

·         During the Third Reich, women were meant to bear “Aryan” children and were taught to do so through aggressive propaganda. During WWII, Adolf Hitler wanted women to focus on the three Ks mentioned earlier and to not take place in war. (3)

·         In 1975, German women were sought out to join the military (2)

Men

·         All men age 18-23 have to attend a nine month training before going into war (2)

·         There are approximately 200,000 soldiers that are considered professional and 300,000 that are more civilian, but are on reserve and are able to become active at any given time

·         Many men were forced into war often through guilt and shame of their family and friends during the first two world wars

·         All major German military and political leaders in the 20th century were men

  

Politics

1919 - women recieved the right to vote

Nazi Germany - Hitler wanted women to just have children to grow Germany's population. It was thier duty to ensure the future of the German race. Women were even given medals for having large families

1949 - Basic law declared men and women equal

1977 - women gained rights to equal marriage

1980 - national office for women affairs set up in west germany to help work towards women quality

1988 - east germany, women made up almost 1/3 of Socialist unity party of germany (SED) while in west germany, women only made up abour 4.5% of the political party members.

1990 - Sabine Bergmann-Pohl was the president of the people's chamber of the GDR from april to october before the GDR ended

 

 



Domestic Life

Roles

• In 1919 women received the right to vote
• During World War II women took on some of the traditional jobs that the men left behind when they were fighting.
• When the World War II was over women tended the wounded, buried the dead, salvaged belongings, and began rebuilding war-torn Germany by clearing away the rubble
• In 1977 women got equal rights in marriage.

In West Germany                                                                              

• In the early 1980s women qualified for admission to universities in the same numbers as men.
• The Basic Law of 1949 declared that men and women were equal.
• But it was not until 1957 that the civil code was amended.

·         After World War II women became homemakers and mothers again and largely withdrew from employment outside the home.

In East Germany

·         Mid 1960s women accounted for half of all secondary school graduates.

·         By 1975-76 they were the majority (53%)

·         In the east, however, women remained in the workforce.

·         As early as 1950, marriage and family laws also had been rewritten to accommodate working mothers.

·         Abortion was legalized and funded by the state in the first trimester of pregnancy.

·          An extensive system of social supports, such as a highly developed day-care network for children, was also put in place to permit women to be both mothers and workers.

·         East Germany had to rely on women because of its declining population; the situation was made more critical by the fact that most of those fleeing to West Germany were men.

·         90% of the women worked outside of the home.

Business

Business in the German world is primarily made up of men. Women are not seen much in the business world. According to Wikipedia.com “Women are noticeably absent in the top tiers of German businesses. They only hold 9.2% of jobs in Germany's upper and middle management positions.” Although the Chancellor is a Woman it is still very difficult for woman to rise to management. There have been some issues in creating a law in Germany that would look at the quotas in companies so that woman have a chance to succeed. “ In 2001, the Justice Ministry established a governmental commission to develop a Corporate Governance Codex,.” quoted by Spiegel online. This is a document that was recently amended that could call on companies to increase the number of female managers. “Some companies in Germany such as Deutsche Telekom back in March and energy giant E., have recognized that incorporating more woman into their hierarchies is beneficial to their organization as a whole. Deutsche Telekom was the first DAX company to pledge to raise the percentage of women at mid to high level management to 30 percent.” Spiegel online. This does show us that there are some people who feel that woman can benefit their company, they are climbing the corporate ladder and there are ways that is making this happen either with the government help or by recognizing the good that both genders can play in a company. Stated by German information centre, “The business newspaper Handelsblatt was searching for tomorrow’s top women for Germany, the Financial Times Deutschland then proclaimed the “Age of Women”, and the magazine Capital even carried a cover story entitled “Der Chef trägt Prada” (The boss wears Prada)…. Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller has been managing the machine tool company Trumpf for a number of years now. Simone Bagel-Trah, a representative of the Henkel family, has been chair of the supervisory board of the Düsseldorf washing power and consumer goods company since last year and thus one of Germany’s most powerful women.” This just goes to show that woman can and are ready to make it to the top in the business world.

Simone Bagel-Trah

Education

During the early part of the twentieth century predominantly men went to school with intentions of going to university. By the mid-1960s women accounted for nearly half of all secondary school graduates with intentions on studying at institutes of higher learning in the GDR. Just fifteen years later they made up the majority with fifty-three percent. Supplementary payments and child care were provided to assist women in completing their studies. Women in west Germany did not qualify for admission into universities until the early 1980's. Therefore, west German women had more traditional familial relations, and did not have great ambitions for admission into particular academic departments, and for professional employment after graduation.

Sources

http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/weekly/aa080601c.htm
http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
http://www.mygermancity.com/german-military
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005205
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/g-wm.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_roles_in_the_World_Wars
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/matahari.htm
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany#Gender_roles_and_demographics
http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,702895,00.html
http://www.germanyandafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/pretoria__dz/en/03__BD/New__women__managment.html

Pictures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutterkreuz1940.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0813-302,_Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl.jpg http://www.tridentmilitary.com/New-Photos14/393.jpg
http://tisores.net/imagenes/hari.jpg http://www.faz.net/s/RubF36E5361491F4CD9953863A0D5A760BC/Doc~E3635B2EB070E44DFB79CF2AD63692108~ATpl~Ecommon~SMed.html

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